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13.
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14.
When we speak of the “probability of death”, the exact meaning of the experience can be defined in the following way only. We must not think of an individual, but of this expression can be defined in the following way only. We must not think of an individual, but of a certain class as a whole, eg., “all insured men forty-one years old living in a given country and not engaged in certain dangerous occupations.” A probability of death is attached to the class of men or to another class that can be defined in a similar way. We can say nothing about the probability of death of an individual even if we know this condition of life and health in detail. The phrase “probability of death”, which it refers to a single person, has no meaning at all.
[1] Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the passage?
1. Singular, non replicable events can be assigned numerical probability value.
2. Probability calculation requires data of the class of people or of events.
3. The data about a class of events can be used to predict the future of any specific event.
(1) 1 only
(2) 2 only
(3) 1 and 2
(4) 2 and 3
(5) 1 and 3[2] Which of the following statements would the author(s) disagree to the most?
The outcome of a boxing match to be held in Los Angeles between two boxers, Joe and Mark, belonging to two different boxing clubs can be analysed and an outcome can be assigned a numerical value:
(1) if assignment of the boxers’ current fitness levels and their strengths is done by experts.
(2) by analysis of outcomes of fights between the boxers belonging to the two clubs.
(3) by analysis of outcomes of fights between the two boxers at different venues.
(4) by comparing of outcomes of fights between the two boxers against same opponents.
(5) by analysis of outcomes of fights between the two boxers at the same venue in Los Angeles.[3] Which of the following statements would the author(s) agree to the most?
The outcome of a boxing match to be held in Los Angeles between two boxers, Joe and Mark, belonging to two different boxing clubs can be analysed and an outcome can be assigned a numerical value:
(1) if assignment of the boxers’ current fitness levels and their strengths is done by experts.
(2) by analysis of outcomes of fights between the boxers belonging to the two clubs.
(3) by analysis of outcomes of fights between the two boxers at different venues.
(4) by comparing of outcomes of fights between the two boxers against same opponents.
(5) by analysis of outcomes of fights between the two boxers at the same venue in Los Angeles.asked in XAT
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15.
One key element of Kantian ethics is the idea that the moral worth of any action relies entirely on the motivation of the agent: human behaviour cannot be said good or bad in light of the consequences it generates, but only with regards to what moved the agent to act in that particular way. Kant introduces the key concept of duty to clarify the rationale underpinning of his moral theory, by analysing different types of motivation. First of all individuals commit actions that arc really undertaken for the sake of duty itself, which is, done because the agent thinks they arc the right thing to do. No consideration of purpose of the action matters, but only whether the action respects a universal moral law. Another form of action (motivation) originates from immediate inclination: Everyone has some inclinations, such as to preserve one's life, or to preserve honour. These are also duties that have worth in their own sake. But acting according to the maxim that these inclinations might suggests - such as taking care of one's own health - lacks for Kant true moral worth. For example, a charitable person who donates some goods to poor people might do it following her inclination to help the others - that is. because she enjoys helping the others. Kant does not consider it as moral motivation, even if the action is in conformity with duty. The person acting from duty would in fact donate to the other because she recognizes that helping the others is her moral obligation. Final type of motivation suggested by Kant include actions that can be done in conformity with duty, yet are not done from duty, but rather as a mean to some further end. In order to illustrate this type of motivation, Kant provides the following example. A shopkeeper who does not overcharge the inexperienced customer and treats all customers in the same way certainly is doing the right thing - that is, acts in conformity with duty - but we cannot say for sure that he is acting in this way because he is moved by the basic principles of honesty: "it is his advantage that requires it". Moreover, we cannot say that he is moved by an immediate inclination toward his customers, since he gives no preference to one with respect to another. Therefore, concludes Kant, "his action was done neither from duty nor from immediate inclination but merely for purposes of self-interest".
[1] Consider the following examples:
i) Red Cross volunteer who donates blood every year to thank an anonymous donor who saved the life of his mother some time back
ii) A voluntary organization which conducts regular blood donation camps to improve its legitimacy
As per the passage, correct statement(s) related to the above examples would be:
I. The source of motivation for both examples is same
II. Individuals may commit actions for reasons beyond duty
III. Both examples illustrate the concept of moral worth
(1) Option I only
(2) Option II only
(3) Options I & II
(4) Option III only
(5) Options II & III[2] Which of the following inferences would be against the ideas in the passage?
I. Kantian ethics considers the moral worth of an inclination on the basis of its consequence.
II. Actions motivated by the inclination of an individual lacks moral worth.
III. Elements of moral obligation reduces the moral worth of a duty, which has some worth in itself.
(1) Option I only
(2) Options I & II
(3) Options II only
(4) Options III only
(5) Options II & IIIasked in XAT
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17.
Fashion is different from custom, or rather is a particular species of it. That is not the fashion which everybody wears, but which those wear who are of a high rank, or character. The graceful, the easy, and the commanding manners of the great, joined to the usual richness and magnificence of their dress, give a grace to the very form which they happen to bestow upon it. As long as they continue to use this form, it is connected in our imaginations with the idea of something that is genteel and magnificent, and though in itself it should be indifferent, it seems, on account of this relation, to have something about it that is genteel and magnificent too. As soon as they drop it, it loses all the grace, which it had appeared to possess before, and being now used only by the inferior ranks of people, seems to have something of their meanness and awkwardness.
[1] Which phrase would be the best title of the passage?
(1) Proletariat fashion models and fashion shows
(2) Scourge of fashion
(3) The clothes maketh the man
(4) The man maketh the cloth
(5) Predicting fashion-trends and character
[2] Which is nearest to the central idea in the passage?
(1) Fashion improves grace of a person.
(2) Grace is indicated by the fashion adopted.
(3) Grace is a characteristic of imaginative persons.
(4) The contemporary nature of fashion portrays the society.
(5) Grace is a reflection of the person's rank or character.asked in XAT
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18.
Silver is especially and repetitively savage about what he sees as the extravagant claims made for particle physics, arguing that once the proton, neutron, and electron were found and their properties experimentally confirmed, the very expensive searches for ever more exotic particles, such as the Higgs Boson, were increasingly harder to justify other than by their importance to particle physicists. Most of the particles resemble ecstatic happiness: They are very short-lived and have nothing to do with everyday life. His repeated assault goes to the level of sarcasm: "Finding the Higgs Boson will be a magnificent technical and theoretical triumph. Like a great Bobby Fisher game". Of course, this is a tad unfair, even if some of the claims of its practitioners invite such assaults on their field.
[1] Which of the following, if true, will weaken the argument described in the passage?
(1) All streams of new science need to undergo through a period of uncertainty and we should not criticize research in particle physics alone.
(2) Necessity is the mother of every invention.
(3) Knowledge has preceded application in all spheres of science.
(4) Funding agency supporting research on Higgs Boson do not mind wasting their money.
(5) Do not expect everyone to appreciate everything.[2] Identify the statement(s) that is(are) logically consistent with the content of the paragraph:
I. Silver is an ardent critic of Higgs Boson theory.
II. Everyday life has nothing to do with experimental confirmation of the properties of proton, neutron and electron.
III. Identifying more information about Higgs Boson is a significant contribution to particle physics.
IV. Research on exotic particles in particle physics is an expensive proposition.
(1) Only I
(2) Only II
(3) Only II and IV
(4) Only IV
(5) Only I and IVasked in XAT
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